Male infertility accounts for approximately 40% of infertility cases. There are many causes of male infertility, including environmental factors, age, lifestyle, infections, varicocele, and cancerous pathologies. Severe oligozoospermia, cryptozoospermia, and azoospermia (obstructive and non-obstructive) are identified as severe male factor infertility, once considered conditions of sterility. Today, in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques are the only treatment strategy in cases of male factor infertility for which new methodologies have been developed in the manipulation of spermatozoa to achieve fertilization and increase success rates. This review is an update of in vitro manipulation techniques, in particular sperm selection, emphasizing clinical case-specific methodology. The success of an IVF process is related to infertility diagnosis, appropriate choice of treatment, and effective sperm preparation and selection. In fact, selecting the best spermatozoa to guarantee an optimal paternal heritage means increasing the blastulation, implantation, ongoing pregnancy and live birth rates, resulting in the greater success of IVF techniques.
Journal of personalized medicine. 2024 Jul 04*** epublish ***
Federica Cariati, Maria Grazia Orsi, Francesca Bagnulo, Daniela Del Mondo, Luigi Vigilante, Martina De Rosa, Romualdo Sciorio, Alessandro Conforti, Steven Fleming, Carlo Alviggi
Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy., Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy., Fertility Unit, Maternal-Child Department, AOU Federico II Polyclinic, 80131 Naples, Italy., Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy., Fertility Medicine and Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, Department Woman Mother Child, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland., Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.