Adolescents with continence problems experience unique threats to their psychological well-being, but long-term mental health sequelae are unknown.
To examine prospective relationships between incontinence/lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and mental health problems in young people.
A prospective cohort study of young people (n = 7332: 3639 males and 3693 females) from a population-based sample was conducted.
We estimated the association between incontinence/LUTS and mental health outcomes using multivariable regression models adjusted for sex, socioeconomic position, developmental level, intelligence quotient, stressful life events, maternal psychopathology, body mass index, and emotional/behavioural problems.
Daytime wetting and voiding postponement showed the greatest number of associations with mental health problems. All incontinence subtypes/LUTS were associated with increased odds of generalised anxiety disorder (eg, odds ratio for daytime wetting = 3.01, 95% confidence interval [1.78, 5.09], p < 0.001) and/or higher anxiety scores. There was also evidence of associations with common mental disorder (eg, voiding postponement: 1.88 [1.46, 2.41], p < 0.001), depression (eg, urgency: 1.94 [1.19, 3.14], p = 0.008), depressive symptoms (eg, daytime wetting: 1.70 [1.13, 2.56], p = 0.01), self-harm thoughts (eg, voiding postponement: 1.52 [1.16, 1.99], p = 0.003), and disordered eating (eg, nocturia 1.72 [1.27, 2.34], p = 0.001). We are unable to generalise our results to minority ethnic groups, less affluent populations, and non-UK samples.
Young people with incontinence/LUTS are at an increased risk of mental health problems. Further research is needed to establish the direction of causality.
We looked at the association between continence problems and mental health outcomes in young people from a large population-based cohort. Young people with continence problems at the age of 14 yr were more likely to suffer from a range of mental health problems at the age of 18 yr, including common mental disorder, depression, anxiety, self-harm thoughts, and disordered eating. Paediatric continence clinics should address the mental health needs of young people and provide clear and effective care pathways to child and adolescent mental health services.
European urology. 2023 May 27 [Epub ahead of print]
Katie Gordon, Naomi Warne, Jon Heron, Alexander von Gontard, Carol Joinson
Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Psychiatric Services Graubünden (PDGR), Outpatient Services for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chur, Switzerland; Governor Kremers Centre, Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands., Centre for Academic Child Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Electronic address: .