Infections of the urinary tract are among some of the most common infections treated in clinical practice. Numerous risk factors play an intrinsic role in the development of such infections, namely: age, sexual intercourse, prolonged use of feminine hygiene products, instrumentation, pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, obstructive uropathy such as prostatic enlargement or urethral strictures, compromised immunity, and constipation. A major cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in hospitalized patients is catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). This systematic review aims to identify the causative agents and risk factors and to determine whether nitrofurazone, silver alloy, or zinc oxide-impregnated or coated/medicated Foley catheters, or non-medicated (standard) Foley catheters, can reduce the incidence of CAUTIs. A systematic review was conducted on the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Trip medical database, and Google Scholar. A combination of keywords and Boolean operators was used ((((urinary tract infections) OR (urinary catheterization)) OR (prevention AND control)) ) AND (catheter-associated infections) for data extraction. All the randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) completed and available between January 1, 2005, and June 30, 2024, which focused on the prevention of CAUTIs, were screened thoroughly and were included in this systematic review. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) tool was used for risk of bias assessment. The Robvis visualization tool (McGuinness, LA, Higgins, JPT. Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): An R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments. Res Syn Meth. 2020; 1-7) was used for development of traffic light plots and weighted bar plots for risk of bias. The literature search conducted produced 41,909 articles. Among these 19,076 were noted as duplicates and were excluded in the initial analysis; 22,833 manuscripts were thus screened after deduplication. Abstracts, case studies, reports, editorials, viewpoints, cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, case-control studies, case series, and letters to the editor/correspondence manuscripts (n = 22,745) were additionally excluded. A total of 88 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. An in-depth evaluation and analysis further excluded 82 articles from the analysis quality assessment based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six RCTs were finally assessed regarding the prevention of CAUTIs and were ultimately included in the systematic review. The primary causative agents involved in the CAUTIs were found to be mainly Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. The risk factors noted for the development of these CAUTIs ranged from urethral trauma, overdistention of the bladder, prolonged catheterization, to improper handling of the urine bag. No significant advantage was noted between the use of medicated and non-medicated standard Foley catheters. The aseptic technique and indications followed for the catheterization play a vital role in the prevention of CAUTIs, and more cognizance thereof will aid in the reduction of the development of CAUTIs.
Cureus. 2024 Aug 05*** epublish ***
Indraneel Banerjee, Jared Robinson, Indrajit Banerjee
Department of Urology and Robotic Surgery, Penn Highlands Healthcare, Dubois, USA., Department of Surgery, Sir Seewosagur Ramgoolam Medical College, Belle Rive, MUS., Department of Pharmacology, Sir Seewosagur Ramgoolam Medical College, Belle Rive, MUS.