The MAGNOLIA study, investigating the concept of perioperative immunotherapy in muscle- invasive bladder cancer, was prematurely terminated. The lessons learned that should be considered before initiating and conducting future clinical trials in this field are highlighted.
European urology focus. 2018 Feb 21 [Epub ahead of print]
Peter F A Mulders, Luis Martínez-Piñeiro, Axel Heidenreich, Marko Babjuk, Marc Colombel, Renzo Colombo, Piotr Radziszewski, Igor Korneyev, Cristian Surcel, Pavel Yakovlev, J Alfred Witjes, Christien Caris, Raymond Schipper, Wim P J Witjes, MAGNOLIA Study Group of the EAU Research Foundation
Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands., Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain., Universitätsklinikum Köln, Köln, Germany., Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic., Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France., University Vita Salute San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy., Medical University Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland., Saint Petersburg State Pavlov Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia., University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania., Kiev Municipal Oncology Hospital, Kiev, Ukraine., EAU Research Foundation, Arnhem, The Netherlands., EAU Research Foundation, Arnhem, The Netherlands. Electronic address: .