Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is the most common type of bladder cancer presentation and is characterized by a varying probability of recurrence and progression. Sporadically, patients with NMIBC might also develop tumour metastases without any pathological evidence of muscle-invasive disease within the bladder, a condition known as metastatic NMIBC. In the published literature, this phenomenon is limited to several case reports and small reviews, with few data regarding the possible aetiologies. Several possible factors can be potentially associated with metastatic NMIBC, including tumour understaging, the number of transurethral resection procedures received by the patient, the presence of circulating tumour cells, the modality used for diagnostic cystoscopy and possible gender-associated differences. In this Perspective, our aim was to integrate and report currently available data on this relatively rare entity and provide some potential aetiological explanations.
Nature reviews. Urology. 2024 Nov 20 [Epub ahead of print]
Michael Leyderman, Thenappan Chandrasekar, Petros Grivas, Roger Li, Seetharam Bhat, Alina Basnet, Oleg Shapiro, Joseph Jacob, Michael A Daneshvar, Eyal Kord, Gennady Bratslavsky, Hanan Goldberg
Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA., Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA., Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA., Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA., Department of Medical Oncology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA., Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA., Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA. .