Endocrine resistance is a major problem in prostate cancer. Recent studies suggest that cellular plasticity plays a key role in therapy resistance. Yet little is known about the cellular changes of human prostate cancer after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). In this study, we investigated cellular senescence, senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs), and anti-oxidant responses. Hormone ablation upregulated senescence-associated (SA)-β-Gal activity in prostate glands, as well as the expressions of p27(KIP1) and p53, in a mouse castration model. In line with this, the expressions of p21(CIP1) and p27(KIP1) were significantly more upregulated in human non-pathological prostatic glands after ADT than in untreated specimens. In a study of SASP markers, the expressions of IL6 and IL8 were also more upregulated in human non-pathological prostatic glands after ADT than in untreated specimens. IL6, IL8, and MMP2 were expressed more strongly in human prostate cancer specimens resected after ADT than in untreated tumors. Of note, treatment with the anti-oxidant reagent NAC significantly suppressed SA-β-Gal activity in androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. In immunohistochemical analyses on anti-oxidant response genes, NRF2 and NQO1 were more upregulated after hormone ablation in human prostate gland and carcinoma specimens after ADT than in untreated specimens or in murine prostate glands after castration. Taken together, these findings suggest that ADT induces cellular senescence processes accompanied by secretory phenotypes and anti-oxidant responses in prostate. These cellular changes may be attractive targets for preventing endocrine resistance in prostate cancer.
The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2016 Jun 18 [Epub ahead of print]
Hirotoshi Kawata, Tomoko Kamiakito, Takeo Nakaya, Maiko Komatsubara, Kenji Komatsu, Tatsuo Morita, Yasumitsu Nagao, Akira Tanaka
Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan., Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan., Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan., Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan., Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan., Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan., Center for Experimental Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan., Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan. Electronic address: .