This article reviews penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC), a rare genitourinary cancer that has been increasing in prevalence. It discusses emerging therapies, focusing on immunotherapy, vaccine therapy, and cell-based treatments, especially in the context of human papillomavirus-related PSCC. Factors influencing these therapies are discussed. These include the immune microenvironment, programmed cell death ligand-1 expression, and tumor immune cell infiltration. This article also highlights immune checkpoint inhibitors and related clinical trials. This review supports the use of personalized medicine in treating PSCC. It stresses the need for collaborative studies and data sharing to create specific treatment plans and achieve better outcomes.
The Urologic clinics of North America. 2024 Apr 16 [Epub]
Majd Al Assaad, Houssein Safa, Chiara Mercinelli, Philippe E Spiess, Andrea Necchi, Jad Chahoud
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, Belfer Research Building, New York, NY 10021, USA. Electronic address: ., Department of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA., Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital; Medical Oncology Unit 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy., Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive office 12538, Tampa, FL 33612, USA., Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy., Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive office 12538, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. Electronic address: .