Penile cancer is a rare malignancy, which can be a source of devastating psychosexual distress because of its implication on sexual function and self-image. Current penile staging relies on invasive techniques and is often inaccurate.
The authors review the promising biomarkers currently under investigation and their application to the staging and prognosis of penile cancer. Further development of such biomarkers provides the potential of improved clinical management of this disease.
The Urologic clinics of North America. 2016 Mar [Epub]
Camille Vuichoud, Julia Klap, Kevin R Loughlin
Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. , Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. , Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.