There is a clear need for a molecular subtyping approach in prostate cancer to identify clinically distinct subgroups that benefit from specific therapies.
OBJECTIVES:
To identify prostate cancer subtypes based on luminal and basal lineage and to determine associations with clinical outcomes and response to treatment.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
The PAM50 classifier was used to subtype 1567 retrospectively collected (median follow-up, 10 years) and 2215 prospectively collected prostate cancer samples into luminal- and basal-like subtypes.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
Metastasis, biochemical recurrence, overall survival, prostate cancer-specific survival, associations with biological pathways, and clinicopathologic variables were the main outcomes.
RESULTS:
Among the 3782 samples, the PAM50 classifier consistently segregated prostate cancer into 3 subtypes in both the retrospective and prospective cohorts: luminal A (retrospective, 538 [34.3%]; prospective, 737 [33.3%]), luminal B (retrospective, 447 [28.5%]; prospective, 723 [32.6%]), and basal (retrospective, 582 [37.1%]; prospective, 755 [34.1%]). Known luminal lineage markers, such as NKX3.1 and KRT18, were enriched in luminal-like cancers, and the basal lineage CD49f signature was enriched in basal-like cancers, demonstrating the connection between these subtypes and established prostate cancer biology. In the retrospective cohort, luminal B prostate cancers exhibited the poorest clinical prognoses on both univariable and multivariable analyses accounting for standard clinicopathologic prognostic factors (10-year biochemical recurrence-free survival [bRFS], 29%; distant metastasis-free survival [DMFS], 53%; prostate cancer-specific survival [PCSS], 78%; overall survival [OS], 69%), followed by basal prostate cancers (10-year bRFS, 39%; DMFS, 73%; PCSS, 86%; OS, 80%) and luminal A prostate cancers (10-year bRFS, 41%; DMFS, 73%; PCSS, 89%; OS, 82%). Although both luminal-like subtypes were associated with increased androgen receptor expression and signaling, only luminal B prostate cancers were significantly associated with postoperative response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in a subset analysis in our retrospective cohorts (n = 315) matching patients based on clinicopathologic variables (luminal B 10-year metastasis: treated, 33% vs untreated, 55%; nonluminal B 10-year metastasis: treated, 37% vs untreated, 21%; P = .006 for interaction).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
Luminal- and basal-like prostate cancers demonstrate divergent clinical behavior, and patients with luminal B tumors respond better to postoperative ADT than do patients with non-luminal B tumors. These findings contribute novel insight into prostate cancer biology, providing a potential clinical tool to personalize ADT treatment for prostate cancer by predicting which men may benefit from ADT after surgery.
JAMA Oncol. 2017 May 11. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.0751. [Epub ahead of print]
Zhao SG1, Chang SL1, Erho N2, Yu M3, Lehrer J2, Alshalalfa M2, Speers C1, Cooperberg MR4, Kim W5, Ryan CJ5, Den RB6, Freedland SJ7, Posadas E8, Sandler H9, Klein EA10, Black P11, Seiler R11, Tomlins SA12, Chinnaiyan AM13, Jenkins RB14, Davicioni E2, Ross AE15, Schaeffer EM16, Nguyen PL17, Carroll PR4, Karnes RJ14, Spratt DE1, Feng FY18.
Author information
1 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
2 GenomeDx Biosciences Inc, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
3 Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
4 Department of Urology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco.
5 Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco.
6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
7 Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
8 Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
9 Department of Radiation Oncology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
10 Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
11Department of Urology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
12 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor13Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
13 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor13Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 15Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
14 Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
15 James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
16 Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
17Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
18 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor4Department of Urology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco5Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco13Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor20Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco.
Zhao SG1, Chang SL1, Erho N2, Yu M3, Lehrer J2, Alshalalfa M2, Speers C1, Cooperberg MR4, Kim W5, Ryan CJ5, Den RB6, Freedland SJ7, Posadas E8, Sandler H9, Klein EA10, Black P11, Seiler R11, Tomlins SA12, Chinnaiyan AM13, Jenkins RB14, Davicioni E2, Ross AE15, Schaeffer EM16, Nguyen PL17, Carroll PR4, Karnes RJ14, Spratt DE1, Feng FY18.
Author information
1 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
2 GenomeDx Biosciences Inc, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
3 Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
4 Department of Urology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco.
5 Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco.
6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
7 Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
8 Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
9 Department of Radiation Oncology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
10 Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
11Department of Urology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
12 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor13Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
13 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor13Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 15Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
14 Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
15 James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
16 Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
17Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
18 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor4Department of Urology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco5Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco13Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor20Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco.