Cancer risk is elevated among adult transplant recipients, but there is limited data regarding long-term cancer risk and mortality in pediatric recipients.
We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada. We included pediatric recipients of solid organ transplants at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto from 1991 to 2014, and compared rates of new cancers and cancer-specific mortality to nontransplanted Ontario children born in the same year. We constructed standard and time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models accounting for competing risk of death.
A total of 951 recipients (kidney n=400, liver n=283, heart n=218, lung n=36, multiorgan/small bowel n=14) were compared to 5.3 million general population children. Mean (SD) age was 8.2 (6.4) years; 50% were male. Over a mean (SD) follow-up of 10.8 (7.1) years, cumulative incidence of cancer was 20% in recipients and 1.2% in the general population (incidence rate ratio 32.9; 95% CI 26.6-40.8). Risk was highest in the first year posttransplant (aHR 176; 95% CI 117-264), but remained elevated beyond 10 years (aHR 10.8; 95% CI 6.3-18.6). Lymphoproliferative disorders were predominant (77%); however, solid cancers (renal, sarcomas, genital, thyroid) were seen. Recipients of lung or multiorgan transplants were at highest risk. Cancer-specific mortality was also higher among recipients (HR 93.1; 95% CI 59.6-145.2).
Childhood transplant recipients have a 30-times greater cancer incidence versus the general population. Further investigation is needed to guide screening strategies in this at-risk population.
Transplantation. 2018 Jul 25 [Epub ahead of print]
Abhijat Kitchlu, Stephanie Dixon, Jade S Dirk, Rahul Chanchlani, Jovanka Vasilevska-Ristovska, Karlota Borges, Anne I Dipchand, Vicky L Ng, Diane Hebert, Melinda Solomon, J Michael Paterson, Sumit Gupta, S Joseph Kim, Paul C Nathan, Rulan S Parekh
Division of Nephrology, University of Toronto., Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences., Division of Nephrology, Hospital for Sick Children., Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children., Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Hospital for Sick Children.