The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a significant breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized monoclonal antibodies, targeting these immune checkpoint proteins have been utilized successfully in patients with metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck cancers and non-small lung cancer. The US FDA has successfully approved three different categories of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as PD-1 inhibitors (Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, and Cemiplimab), PDL-1 inhibitors (Atezolimumab, Durvalumab and Avelumab), and CTLA-4 inhibitor (Ipilimumab). Unfortunately, not all patients respond favourably to these drugs, highlighting the role of biomarkers such as Tumour mutation burden (TMB), PDL-1 expression, microbiome, hypoxia, interferon-γ, and ECM in predicting responses to ICIs-based immunotherapy. The current study aims to review the literature and updates on ICIs in cancer therapy.
Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.). 2022 Apr 24*** epublish ***
Yavar Shiravand, Faezeh Khodadadi, Seyyed Mohammad Amin Kashani, Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard, Shadi Hosseini, Habib Sadeghirad, Rahul Ladwa, Ken O'Byrne, Arutha Kulasinghe
Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PES College of Pharmacy, PES University, Bengaluru 560085, India., Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran., Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran., Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj 6617713446, Iran., The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia., Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.