We investigated the ion transport mechanism (ITM) in renal cell cancer (RCC) etiology using gene-environment interactions between candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and associated environmental factors, including dietary intakes of sodium, potassium and fluid, hypertension and diuretic medication. A literature-based selection of 13 SNPs in ten ITM genes were successfully genotyped in toenail DNA of 3,048 subcohort members and 419 RCC cases from the Netherlands Cohort Study. Diet and lifestyle were measured with baseline questionnaires. Cox regression analyses were conducted for main effects and gene-environment interactions. ADD1_rs4961 was significantly associated with RCC risk, showing a Hazard Ratio (HR) of 1.24 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.01-1.53) for the GT + TT (versus GG) genotype. Four of 65 tested gene-environment interactions were statistically significant. Three of these interactions clustered in SLC9A3_rs4957061, including the ones with fluid and potassium intake, and diuretic medication. For fluid intake, the RCC risk was significantly lower for high versus low intake in participants with the CC genotype (HR(95% CI): 0.47(0.26-0.86)), but not for the CT + TT genotype (P-interaction = 0.002). None of the main genetic effects and gene-environment interactions remained significant after adjustment for multiple testing. Data do not support the general hypothesis that the ITM is a disease mechanism in RCC etiology.
Scientific reports. 2016 Sep 30*** epublish ***
Ivette A G Deckers, Piet A van den Brandt, Manon van Engeland, Frederik J van Schooten, Roger W L Godschalk, András P Keszei, Janneke G F Hogervorst, Leo J Schouten
Departments of Epidemiology School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands., Departments of Pathology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands., Department of Toxicology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands., Department of Medical Informatics, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Germany.