Testicular cancer is a common malignancy among young males in western countries.
To examine the global disease burden and trends of testicular cancer incidence and mortality by age and country, and their associations with human development index (HDI), gross domestic product (GDP), lifestyle habits, and metabolic risk factors.
We retrieved the Global Cancer Observatory database for the testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 2020; the World Bank for GDP per capita; the United Nations for HDI; the WHO Global Health Observatory for prevalence of smoking and alcohol drinking; and the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, WHO mortality database, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results programme and Nordic Cancer Registries (NORDCAN) for trend analysis.
We presented the testicular cancer incidence and mortality using age-standardised rates. We examined their associations with HDI, GDP, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical inactivity, overweight, obesity, and medical conditions including diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolaemia by linear regression. We estimated the 10-yr trend of incidence and mortality by joinpoint regression with average annual percentage change with 95% confidence intervals in different age groups.
There was a wide variation in the testicular cancer burden with the highest mortality found in low-income countries, and the regions of Central America and South America, while the highest incidence was observed in high-income countries, especially in Western and Northern Europe. We found a positive association for HDI, GDP, alcohol drinking, inactivity, overweight, obesity, and hypercholesterolaemia with testicular cancer incidence, while a negative correlation was observed between GDP and mortality of testicular cancer. Globally, there was an overall increasing incidence trend of testicular cancer for the past decade, particularly in younger males; the mortality trends of testicular cancer were relatively stable. However, we did not analyse the trend of different stages and subtypes of testicular cancer due to data unavailability.
There was a global variation in the testicular cancer burden associated with HDI, GDP, alcohol drinking, inactivity, overweight, obesity, and hypercholesterolaemia. Testicular cancer had an increasing incidence but decreasing mortality. The increasing testicular cancer incidence in the younger population is of concern and calls for early detection and preventive interventions.
Globally, testicular cancer incidence had been increasing particularly in the younger population, although its deaths rates had been decreasing. Socioeconomic indices, alcohol drinking, inactivity, overweight, obesity, and high plasma lipid levels are associated with testicular cancer incidence and mortality.
European urology oncology. 2022 Jul 18 [Epub ahead of print]
Junjie Huang, Sze Chai Chan, Man Sing Tin, Xianjing Liu, Veeleah Ting-Ting Lok, Chun Ho Ngai, Lin Zhang, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno, Wanghong Xu, Zhi-Jie Zheng, Peter Ka-Fung Chiu, Anthony Chi-Fai Ng, Dmitry Enikeev, David Nicol, Philippe E Spiess, Pilar Laguna, Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh, Martin C S Wong
Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region., Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands., Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden., School of Public Health, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Centre of Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand., School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China., Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China., S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; European Association of Urology-Young Academic Urologists (EAU-YAU), The Netherlands., S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region., Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia., Department of Urology, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK., Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA., Istanbul Medipol Mega University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey., S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; European Association of Urology-Young Academic Urologists (EAU-YAU), The Netherlands. Electronic address: ., Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Public Health, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China. Electronic address: .