Background and Objectives: The impact of pure histological subtypes in testicular non-seminoma germ cell tumors on survival, specifically regarding pure embryonal carcinoma, is not well established. Therefore, this study aimed to test for differences between pure embryonal carcinoma and mixed germ cell tumor patients within stages I, II and III in a large population-based database. Materials and Methods: We relied on the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database (2004-2019) to identify testicular pure embryonal carcinoma vs. mixed germ cell tumor patients. Cumulative incidence plots depicted cancer-specific mortality that represented the main endpoint of interest. Multivariable competing risks regression models tested for differences between pure embryonal carcinoma and mixed germ cell tumor patients in analyses addressing cancer-specific mortality and adjusted for other-cause mortality. Results: Of 11,223 patients, 2473 (22%) had pure embryonal carcinoma. Pure embryonal carcinoma patients exhibited lower cancer-specific mortality relative to their mixed germ cell tumor counterparts for both stage III (13.9 vs. 19.4%; p < 0.01) and stage II (0.5 vs. 3.4%, p < 0.01), but not in stage I (0.9 vs. 1.6%, p = 0.1). In multivariable competing risks regression models, pure embryonal carcinoma exhibited more favorable cancer-specific mortality than mixed germ cell tumor in stage III (hazard ratio 0.71, p = 0.01) and stage II (hazard ratio 0.11, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Pure embryonal carcinoma exhibits a more favorable cancer-specific mortality profile relative to mixed germ cell tumor in stage II and III testicular cancers. Consequently, the presence of mixed germ cell tumor elements may be interpreted as a risk factor for cancer-specific survival.
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 2023 Feb 24*** epublish ***
Cristina Cano Garcia, Andrea Panunzio, Stefano Tappero, Mattia Luca Piccinelli, Francesco Barletta, Reha-Baris Incesu, Kyle W Law, Lukas Scheipner, Zhe Tian, Fred Saad, Shahrokh F Shariat, Derya Tilki, Alberto Briganti, Ottavio De Cobelli, Carlo Terrone, Alessandro Antonelli, Severine Banek, Luis A Kluth, Felix K H Chun, Pierre I Karakiewicz
Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany., Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada., Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria., Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany., Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, Gianfranco Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy., Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy., Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy., Department of Urology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy.