4Kscore Articles

Reported 4Kscore thresholds used to differentiate between patients with and without high-grade prostate cancer (CaP) were variable. Patients with 4Kscore results <7.5% have been proven to be at low risk of carrying high-grade CaP.

A panel of four kallikrein markers (total, free, and intact prostate-specific antigen [PSA] and human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 [hK2]) improves predictive accuracy for Gleason score ≥7 (high-grade) prostate cancer among men biopsied for elevated PSA.

The 2019 European Association of Urology guidelines recommend multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for biopsy-naïve patients with clinical suspicion of prostate cancer (PC) and avoiding biopsy in patients with negative mpMRI and low clinical suspicion.

To compare both the concordance between the 4Kscore® and SelectMDx® for informing decision to perform prostate biopsy (PB) and the performance of these tests for detecting clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa).

Recent years have seen the development of biomarkers and imaging technologies designed to improve the specificity of PSA. Widespread implementation of imaging technologies, such as mp-MRI raises considerable logistical challenges.

Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous cancer among men in the United States. In the last decade there has been a rapid expansion in the field of biomarker assays for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment prediction in prostate cancer.

The recommendation to perform biopsy of PIRADS 3 lesions has not been adopted with strength as compared to higher scored lesions on multiparametric MRI. This represents a challenging scenario and an unmet need for clinicians to apply a risk adapted approach in these cases.

The study aims to identify the optimal 4Kscore thresholds to determine the need for a prostate biopsy when multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (mpMRI) is negative or indeterminate.

We analysed retrospective data from men in eight different institutions who underwent an mpMRI, 4Kscore and prostate biopsy for evaluation of prostate cancer.

We investigated whether adding 4Kscore as a reflex test to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) could improve the screening algorithm for prostate cancer (PC).

In the GÖTEBORG-2 PC screening trial, 38 000men (50-60 yr) were invited to PSA testing and, if elevated, followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

To prospectively evaluate the performance of a prespecified statistical model based on four kallikrein markers in blood (total prostate-specific antigen [PSA], free PSA, intact PSA, and human kallikrein-related peptidase 2[hK2]), commercially available as the 4Kscore, in predicting Gleason grade group (GG) ≥2 prostate cancer at biopsy in an international multi-center study at three academic medical centers, and whether microseminoprotein-β (MSP) adds predictive value.

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) remains the most used biomarker in the management of early prostate cancer (PCa), in spite of the problems related to false positive results and overdiagnosis. New biomarkers have been proposed in recent years with the aim of increasing specificity and distinguishing aggressive from non-aggressive PCa.

Diagnostic biomarkers derived from blood, urine, or prostate tissue provide additional information beyond clinical calculators to determine the risk of detecting high-grade prostate cancer. Once diagnosed, multiple markers leverage prostate cancer biopsy tissue to prognosticate clinical outcomes, including adverse pathology at radical prostatectomy, disease recurrence, and prostate cancer mortality; however the clinical utility of some outcomes to patient decision making is unclear.