Urothelial cell carcinoma (UC) is one of the most common cancers and one of the most deadly. Metastatic UC is particularly hard to treat, because it is typically diagnosed when patients are elderly and have medical comorbidities.
Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) induces prostate cancer immunogenic modulation (IM) by reducing human tumor cell expression of anti-apoptotic genes thus facilitating increased sensitivity to immune-mediated lysis.
The field of genitourinary malignancies has been a showcase for therapeutic cancer vaccine success since the application of intravesicular Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for bladder cancer in the 1970s and enjoyed a renaissance in 2010 with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of sipuleucel-T for prostate cancer.
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